Command calls

A call is written without parentheses wherever the grammar allows it, and with parentheses everywhere else. This is the formatter canon and it is enforced, not preferred.

Both print("hello") and print "hello" parse. Which one to write is decided rather than left open: a call is a command wherever the grammar allows it. torb format --check reports every file that disagrees, so this is the shape of every snippet in this documentation and of every line in the repository.

Example#

fn checked(value: Int): Result<Int, String> {
  if value < 0 {
    return Fail "negative"
  }
  value
}

const role = "admin"
const names = ["ada", "alan"]
print "checked: {checked(1)}"
print "role: {role}, names: {names.length()}"

Syntax#

<callee> <argument>, <argument>              a command call
<callee>(<argument>, <argument>)             a parenthesized call
<callee> <argument> { ... }                  a command call with a trailing closure
<callee> { ... }                             a call whose only argument is a trailing closure

A callee is a name or a member path: print, Ok, Email.tryFrom, server.route, self.builder.add.

Rules#

A call is written as a command when all five of these hold. Otherwise it has parentheses.

It stands in command position: at the start of a statement, on the right of = in a binding or an assignment, after return, after =>, or as the default of a field of a type.
The callee is a name or a member path. An index in the middle of one is part of it, because a member path with an index in it is still a member path: mounted[index].process elapsed is the command form of mounted[index].process(elapsed), and so is grid[row][column].fill value. a?.b is not a member path, and neither is pair.0 or load<Config>.
```
type Cell {
  var value: Int

  var fn fill(amount: Int) {
    value = amount
  }
}

var grid = [[Cell(0)]]
grid[0][0].fill 5
print grid
```
An index the path ends in is not a callee: mounted[index] elapsed is the indexing of rule 3 and not a command, exactly as f [1] is.
It has at least one argument, and the first one does not start with (, [, -, ! or .. f [1] is always indexing, f -1 is always subtraction, and f .Case is always the member f.Case. Where f is a function, which is never subtracted from, indexed or asked for a member, the message is the call to write:
Kompiliert nicht
```
var history: List<Int> = []
const amount = 3
history.append -amount
print history
// error: `history.append` is a function, and `history.append -amount` subtracts from it
```
No argument has an operator at its top level. assert sum == 3 would read as (assert sum) == 3, so it is written assert(sum == 3).
The arguments are on one line. A trailing closure may go over several.

Then the rest of the rules:

A call without arguments always has parentheses. A bare name is a reference to the function, not a call of it.
```
const list = [1, 2, 3]
print list.length()
```
Commands do not nest. The arguments of a command are ordinary expressions, so a nested call keeps its parentheses: Ok Some(x), never Ok Some x. print describe(numbers), never print describe numbers.
The head of an if, for, while or match is not command position. There the { is the body, so a call in the head has parentheses: if ready(now) { }.
A trailing closure belongs to the outermost command call of the statement. unless list.isEmpty() { ... } passes the closure to unless. Consequently the arguments of a command call cannot contain a trailing closure themselves: print numbers.map { _ * 2 } is an error, and the fix is print numbers.map({ _ * 2 }).
```
const numbers = [1, 2, 3]
print numbers.map({ _ * 2 }).toList()
```
A field is written only with =, never with a command. port 8080 is a compile error, and the fix is port = 8080 - this holds everywhere, including inside a receiver closure. The one property command left is a trailing block on a field whose value is a record type, never a function: database { ... } applies the block to the value the field already holds, configuring it in place rather than replacing it. Calling a function held in a field always needs parentheses: onStart() calls it, onStart = { ... } assigns it.

Parentheses always call, and never write a field. tls(true) is an error, because a Bool field has nothing to call - the fix is tls = true.

Kompiliert nicht

type Options {
  var tls: Bool = false
}

var options = Options()
options.tls(true)
print options.tls
// error: `tls` is a field, and parentheses call a function

A multi-line """ string is indented two spaces deeper than the line its statement starts on, with a closing """ that stands alone aligned with the content. The value does not depend on it: the lexer subtracts the indentation of the first content line from every line.
```
fn generated(): String {
  const header = """
    #include <stdint.h>

    static int64_t counted(void)
    """
  header
}

print generated()
```
Statements end at the end of the line, and there are no semicolons. A statement continues on the next line when the line ends with an operator, a comma or an open bracket, or when the next line starts with ., ?., a binary operator, with or where.

What this is not#

It is not a style option. torb format writes both rules over the syntax tree and torb format --check reports the files that are not in the canon. The repository is in it, and every trb block of this documentation is checked against it.

const role = "admin"
print "hello, {role}"

print("hello")

The second form parses and means the same thing. It is still wrong, because torb format rewrites it and the check fails until it is rewritten.

A command is not a new call syntax with different semantics. f a, b and f(a, b) produce the same syntax tree apart from a style flag. The only place where the parentheses change the meaning is a trailing block on a record field, which is rule 10.

Whitespace never decides anything. The rules above are about tokens, not about spaces. f -1 is subtraction because - cannot start a command argument, not because of where the space is.

A command call is not allowed inside parentheses, brackets, an operator or an argument list. Only the five positions of rule 1 are command position, which is what keeps a b { } from being ambiguous.

Kompiliert nicht

const value = (print "hello")
// error: Expected `)`, found a string

Bindings - the right side of = is command position.
Declaring a type - property commands and the one member namespace.
Result - why Ok value and return Fail problem are the canonical forms.
Verify your work - the command that checks the canon.
What a model trained on other languages gets wrong - the canon is the mistake a model makes most often.

Example#

Syntax#

Rules#

What this is not#

Related#