Delegation with by

by forwards a trait to the one field of a type, so a wrapper around a single value does not have to write out members that only ever call through to it.

Example#

type Seconds with Show, (Add, Subtract) by value, Compare by value {
  value: Int
}

const total = Seconds(5) + Seconds(2)
print total
print total.max(Seconds(10))

Syntax#

type <Name> with <Trait> by <field> { ... }
type <Name> with <Trait>, (<Trait>, <Trait>) by <field> { ... }   `by` binds to the group right before it

Rules#

1. by <field> forwards the trait written directly in front of it to that field. In (Add, Subtract) by value, value is the field that provides add and subtract.

2. by binds to one element of the with list - the trait or the parenthesised group directly before it - never to the whole list. Show, (Add, Subtract) by value, Compare by value derives Show, delegates Add and Subtract to value in one group, and delegates Compare to value on its own; nothing about by reaches back to Show. A group needs at least one trait and a by after it - (Show) alone is the same as writing Show, and a group without by is an error:

   Kompiliert nicht

   trait Loud {
     fn shout(): String
   }
   
   trait Quiet {
     fn whisper(): String
   }
   
   type Wrapper with (Loud, Quiet) {
     value: Int
   
     fn shout(): String {
       "loud"
     }
   
     fn whisper(): String {
       "quiet"
     }
   }
   // error: A group without `by` is an error: write the traits without parentheses

   A with list separates its entries with commas only - &, which combines traits into one type everywhere a type is expected (Trait intersections), is not a separator here and is a parse error that names the fix:

   Kompiliert nicht

   type Wrapper with Add & Subtract by value {
     value: Int
   }
   // error: Traits delegated to the same field are grouped with parentheses, not `&`: write `(Add, Subtract) by value`

   Kompiliert nicht

   trait Loud {
     fn shout(): String
   }
   
   type Wrapper with Loud, Add by value {
     value: Int
   }
   // error: `Wrapper` implements `Loud` but has no `shout`

3. by needs a type with exactly one field, and the name after by names that field. A type with two fields has no single field Add could mean, and a type with cases has no field of its own to name at all.

4. by forwards the required members; the default members still come from the trait. total.max(Seconds(10)) is Compare.max, a default that is written in terms of compare - the forwarded member - so it returns a Seconds and nothing has to be rewrapped by hand. A constant the trait requires is forwarded the same way: Seconds.zero of a static zero: Self is the field type's Int.zero wrapped into a Seconds, a constant of another type is the field type's value as it is, and a constant the trait gives a default is that default, read with Self as the wrapper.

5. A trait that is neither derived, delegated nor written by hand is not available on the wrapper. Seconds has no Multiply, so Seconds(5) * Seconds(2) does not type check - which is the point, since multiplying two durations is not another duration.

What this is not#

by is not a way to expose the field. value still follows the usual field rules - private value: Int stays unreadable from outside - by only wires the trait's members to it internally.

type Email with Show by value, TryFrom<String, String> {
  private value: String

  static fn tryFrom(text: String): Result<Email, String> {
    if !text.contains("@") {
      return Fail "'{text}' is not an email address"
    }
    Ok Self(text)
  }
}

const email = Email.tryFrom "info@example.test"
print email

A field that is private is readable in the file that declares it and nowhere else, whatever by wires to it - Path of std/path delegates nothing and hides its parts the same way:

use Path from "std/path"

const path = Path.from "a/b"
print path.componentValues
// error: `componentValues` is private to `Path`

Related#

• Traits - with at the declaration, and where by sits inside a list of traits.
• Coherence and blanket implementations - what still applies to a delegated implementation.